ZIP code
48451
in Linden, MichiganPopulation 16,097
56.39/ 100
Ranked #7,870 of 32,066 US ZIPs (top 25%)
Ranked #213 of 973 Michigan ZIPs (top 22%)
Ranked #3 of 25 Flint, MI ZIPs (top 12.0%)
Ranks are modeled estimates — ZIPs a few hundred places apart are effectively tied.
What defines this ZIP
Metrics where this ZIP sits in the tails of the national distribution — the ones that most set it apart. Select any tile for its definition and methodology.
Arsenic in groundwater
32.8%
in the top 2.6% nationally
Lower is healthier
ST91stUS97thDefinition & source ›
The modeled probability that untreated groundwater in this area — the source private wells draw on — exceeds the federal arsenic limit of 10 micrograms per liter.
A modeled likelihood for untreated groundwater, the source drawn on by private wells, which are federally unregulated. It is not a measurement of treated water delivered by a public system, and it is not a test of any individual well.
Full methodology ›Fatal road crashes
2.5 per 100,000 residents per year
in the bottom 8.6% nationally
Lower is healthier
ST6thUS9thDefinition & source ›
The annual rate of fatal road crashes per 100,000 residents, pooled over a ten-year window.
A rate per resident population. Where a ZIP has too few residents for the rate to be reliable — about 30% of US ZIPs — no value is published rather than an unstable one; those ZIPs are absent from this comparison, not counted as crash-free.
Full methodology ›Poverty rate
4.1%
in the bottom 14.5% nationally
Lower is healthier
ST8thUS14thDefinition & source ›
The share of residents whose income is below the federal poverty line, from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey.
Full methodology ›Mammography
79.6%
in the top 13.6% nationally
Higher is healthier
ST92ndUS86thDefinition & source ›
The estimated share of women aged 50–74 who had a mammogram within the past two years.
Full methodology ›Uninsured (under 65)
4.9%
in the bottom 5.8% nationally
Lower is healthier
ST12thUS6thDefinition & source ›
The estimated share of adults aged 18–64 with no current health-insurance coverage.
Full methodology ›Floodplain exposure
15.9%
in the top 24% nationally
Lower is healthier
ST93rdUS76thDefinition & source ›
The share of this ZIP’s land area inside FEMA’s 1%-annual-chance floodplain — the “100-year” flood zone, where flooding has about a 1-in-100 chance in any given year.
Measured from FEMA’s mapped flood panels. Where a panel has not been mapped, no value is published for that ZIP — those ZIPs are absent from this comparison rather than counted as unexposed.
Full methodology ›The read
Judged by its overall standing, Linden, Michigan (ZIP 48451) sits in the top 25% healthiest ZIPs nationally (7,870th) and the top 22% of Michigan (213th).
The measures that most flatter this area set the tone for the rest: fatal road crashes registers in the bottom 8.6% nationally, homeownership is in the top 11.8% nationally, and distance to a hazardous-chemical facility lies in the top 12.7% nationally. Modeled colon screening registers in the top 10.2% nationally. Distance to a nursing home is at the national minimum, shared with about 27% of ZIPs. Poverty lies in the bottom 14.5% nationally, and modeled mammography registers in the top 13.6% nationally. Modeled uninsured is in the bottom 5.8% nationally. Against that, modeled arsenic lies in the top 2.6% nationally, and expected annual loss registers in the top 15% nationally.
Placed beside its immediate neighbors, park land runs far higher than the surrounding ZIPs on this measure. Put plainly, arsenic is a natural groundwater contaminant, here a modeled estimate of the chance private-well levels exceed a benchmark. Distance to a hazardous-chemical facility is a plant handling large amounts of hazardous chemicals that must file an EPA risk-management plan for accidental releases. Expected annual loss is FEMA's modeled estimate, in dollars, of average yearly harm to people from natural hazards. A healthier nearby ZIP overall is ZIP 48430, just across the boundary.
What’s driving this score
Nine domains make up the ZipVitals Score — here is how this ZIP does on each, and how much each one counts. Compare it against the US, this state and the Flint, MI metro area.
Compared with the ZIP codes measured across all nine scoring domains — not with all US ZIP codes.
Lifting this score
Chronic Disease Burden
healthier than 62%
21%
Social Need / SDOH
healthier than 69%
16%
Preventive Care
healthier than 91%
13%
Risk Behavior
healthier than 70%
11%
Disability
healthier than 78%
7%
About typical
Environmental Hazard
healthier than 56%
14%
Climate / Disaster Risk
healthier than 54%
5%
Holding it back
Mental Health
healthier than 26%
8%
Healthcare Access
healthier than 33%
5%
Lifting this score
Chronic Disease Burden
healthier than 73%
21%
Social Need / SDOH
healthier than 73%
16%
Preventive Care
healthier than 81%
13%
Risk Behavior
healthier than 70%
11%
Mental Health
healthier than 64%
8%
Disability
healthier than 81%
7%
About typical
Environmental Hazard
healthier than 45%
14%
Holding it back
Climate / Disaster Risk
healthier than 7%
5%
Healthcare Access
healthier than 30%
5%
Lifting this score
Chronic Disease Burden
healthier than 88%
21%
Social Need / SDOH
healthier than 83%
16%
Preventive Care
healthier than 92%
13%
Risk Behavior
healthier than 88%
11%
Mental Health
healthier than 92%
8%
Disability
healthier than 92%
7%
About typical
Environmental Hazard
healthier than 54%
14%
Holding it back
Climate / Disaster Risk
healthier than 4%
5%
Healthcare Access
healthier than 17%
5%
“Share” is how much of this ZIP’s score the domain accounts for. Percentages are rounded; higher is healthier in every domain. How the score works, and who it compares you with ›
Findings that name this ZIP
One of our published findings lists this ZIP code. Each finding compares one published measure against a stated benchmark, and names only the ZIP codes whose estimates are reliable enough to rank. See all surprising findings.
Above its nearby ZIPs
The ZIP codes that outlive their neighbors
Estimated life expectancy is 80.0 ± 1.3 years. The 47 nearest ZIP codes with estimates average 77.7 years — 2.3 years above them.
Ranked #1,269 of the 3,687 ZIP codes this finding names, ordered by years above the nearby-ZIP average, highest first.
Nearby & similar ZIPs
Editorially selected — see how this ZIP compares to nearby and similar places.
Nearby
48418
Michiganshares a border
Score 53.09
Closest healthier
48430
Michiganshares a border
Score 58.52
Similar health profile
01430
Massachusetts99% similar profile
Score 57.65
How these were chosen: only ZIPs with a published Score appear — a nearby ZIP with too little data to score won’t. Nearby means closest by distance between ZIP boundaries, which can cross state lines. A similar health profile is a close match across the nine Score domains, not similar demographics. Distances are measured between ZIP boundaries — ZIPs that touch share a border. How distance is measured
Evidence
Every measure this page draws on, by source. Collapsed by default — the full data stays in the page for search engines either way.
Health OutcomesCDC PLACES 2022 / 2023 · BRFSS
| Measure | Crude prevalence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Arthritis among adults | 30.4% | 28.1–33.0 |
| High blood pressure among adults | 33.9% | 31.3–36.9 |
| Cancer (non-skin) or melanoma among adults | 10.3% | 9.4–11.2 |
| Current asthma among adults | 11.4% | 10.3–12.6 |
| Coronary heart disease among adults | 6.5% | 5.9–7.2 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults | 7.1% | 6.4–8.0 |
| Depression among adults | 26.8% | 24.2–29.8 |
| Diagnosed diabetes among adults | 9.9% | 8.8–11.2 |
| High cholesterol among adults who have ever been screened | 37.1% | 34.4–40.2 |
| Obesity among adults | 34.8% | 31.2–39.0 |
| Stroke among adults | 3.2% | 2.9–3.5 |
| All teeth lost among adults aged >=65 years | 8.5% | 7.1–10.2 |
PreventionCDC PLACES 2022 / 2023 · BRFSS
| Measure | Crude prevalence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Current lack of health insurance among adults aged 18-64 years | 4.9% | 4.1–5.8 |
| Taking medicine to control high blood pressure among adults with high blood pressure | 77.7% | 75.1–80.2 |
| Visits to doctor for routine checkup within the past year among adults | 80.1% | 77.5–82.6 |
| Cholesterol screening among adults | 89.1% | 87.8–90.4 |
| Colorectal cancer screening among adults aged 45–75 years | 72.1% | 68.8–75.4 |
| Visited dentist or dental clinic in the past year among adults | 73.9% | 71.5–76.3 |
| Mammography use among women aged 50-74 years | 79.6% | 75.0–84.1 |
Health Risk BehaviorsCDC PLACES 2022 / 2023 · BRFSS
| Measure | Crude prevalence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Binge drinking among adults | 16.9% | 14.7–19.4 |
| Current cigarette smoking among adults | 12.9% | 11.2–14.7 |
| No leisure-time physical activity among adults | 21.0% | 18.5–23.8 |
| Short sleep duration among adults | 34.8% | 31.1–38.8 |
Health StatusCDC PLACES 2023 · BRFSS
| Measure | Crude prevalence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Fair or poor self-rated health status among adults | 15.8% | 14.0–17.7 |
| Frequent mental distress among adults | 17.0% | 15.3–18.8 |
| Frequent physical distress among adults | 13.4% | 12.0–14.9 |
DisabilityCDC PLACES 2023 · BRFSS
| Measure | Crude prevalence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive disability among adults | 12.9% | 11.6–14.4 |
| Any disability among adults | 29.1% | 26.3–32.2 |
| Hearing disability among adults | 6.9% | 6.2–7.7 |
| Independent living disability among adults | 7.2% | 6.5–8.1 |
| Mobility disability among adults | 12.6% | 11.1–14.1 |
| Self-care disability among adults | 3.0% | 2.7–3.3 |
| Vision disability among adults | 3.7% | 3.3–4.0 |
Health-Related Social NeedsCDC PLACES 2023 · BRFSS
| Measure | Crude prevalence | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Lack of social and emotional support among adults | 21.8% | 19.0–24.9 |
| Food insecurity in the past 12 months among adults | 10.0% | 8.5–11.8 |
| Received food stamps in the past 12 months among adults | 8.5% | 7.2–10.0 |
| Housing insecurity in the past 12 months among adults | 8.2% | 7.0–9.6 |
| Lack of reliable transportation in the past 12 months among adults | 5.9% | 5.2–6.8 |
| Loneliness among adults | 33.3% | 29.5–37.3 |
| Utility services shut-off threat in the past 12 months among adults | 5.9% | 5.1–6.8 |
Community & economyCensus ACS 5-Year · 2024 release · observed
| Measure | Value | US median (p10–p90) | MI median (p10–p90) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty rate | 4.1% | 10.6% (3.1–25.8%) n=32,364 | 10.7% (4.3–22.3%) n=974 |
| Uninsured 18–64 | 7.3% | 9.0% (1.5–24.3%) n=32,286 | 6.8% (2.5–13.5%) n=975 |
| No HS diploma (25+) | 3.6% | 7.9% (1.8–20.7%) n=32,505 | 6.7% (2.5–14.2%) n=974 |
| Bachelor's or higher (25+) | 31.5% | 23.3% (9.2–53.6%) n=32,505 | 22.1% (11.4–48.3%) n=974 |
| Unemployment rate (16+) | 5.3% | 3.9% (0.0–9.8%) n=32,274 | 4.6% (1.3–10.0%) n=974 |
| Households without a vehicle | 2.0% | 3.9% (0.0–12.5%) n=32,322 | 4.5% (0.9–10.8%) n=973 |
| Broadband subscription | 94.7% | 89.3% (75.1–97.1%) n=32,322 | 88.8% (79.5–95.5%) n=973 |
| Housing cost burden (≥30% income) | 18.3% | 23.7% (10.6–40.0%) n=32,322 | 22.5% (14.8–32.9%) n=973 |
| Homeownership rate | 93.0% | 78.7% (51.7–94.0%) n=32,322 | 85.3% (62.2–94.6%) n=973 |
| Crowded housing (>1 per room) | 0.4% | 1.3% (0.0–6.3%) n=32,322 | 1.1% (0.0–3.6%) n=973 |
| Foreign-born population | 2.4% | 2.6% (0.0–18.6%) n=32,553 | 1.8% (0.3–10.0%) n=975 |
| Single-parent households | 56.1% | 53.6% (37.3–74.1%) n=32,087 | 56.5% (43.6–74.2%) n=970 |
| Population 65+ | 18.0% | 19.4% (10.8–33.6%) n=32,553 | 20.5% (13.7–35.2%) n=975 |
| Median age | 42.3 yr | 42.2 yr (33.0–56.3) n=32,292 | 43.6 yr (35.2–58.2) n=974 |
| Median household income | $99,943 | $72,070 ($46,039–$118,707) n=30,318 | $68,216 ($47,282–$105,129) n=962 |
| Median home value | $283,200 | $222,200 ($100,300–$579,820) n=30,049 | $192,350 ($116,360–$355,650) n=952 |
| Median gross rent | $1,032 | $1,021 ($677–$1,912) n=25,670 | $972 ($719–$1,368) n=849 |
Life expectancyNCHS / RWJF USALEEP · model-based
| Measure | Value | US median (p10–p90) | MI median (p10–p90) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy at birth | 80.0 yr ± 0.67 | 78.9 yr (74.7–82.8) n=31,308 | 78.6 yr (75.7–81.6) n=940 |
About the ± — it’s this estimate’s give-or-take (statisticians call it the standard error). The true life expectancy for this ZIP most likely falls within 0.67 years of 80.0, and it’s very unlikely to be off by more than twice that.
More ZIPs to explore ▾More ZIPs to explore ▴
How these lists were built: they draw only from ZIPs that have a published Score, so ZIPs with too little data to score are not listed. Distance-based lists use distance between ZIP boundaries with no state filter, so an out-of-state ZIP can appear. Statistically similar means a close match across the nine Score domains, not a demographic match: the measure is the cosine similarity between two ZIPs’ domain scores, taken over the domains both ZIPs have data for and only where that overlap covers at least six of the nine — and where no ZIP clears that minimum-overlap floor, that list is left out rather than filled with a weak match. How distance is measured